The poet ALLEN GINSBERG wrote his intensely personal anti-war, love-hate poem “America” on this date. He later published it in his collection “Howl” it is one of the first poems to deal openly and honestly with homosexuality. America is a largely political work, with much of the poem consisting of various accusations against the United States, its government, and its citizens.

Ginsberg uses sarcasm to accuse America of attempting to divert responsibility for the Cold War (“America you don’t want to go to war/ it’s them bad Russians / Them Russians them Russians and them Chinamen. / And them Russians“), and makes numerous references to both leftist and anarchist political movements and figures (including Sacco and Vanzetti, the Scottsboro Boys and the Wobblies). Ginsberg’s dissatisfaction, however, is tinged with optimism and hope, as exemplified by phrases like “When will you end the human war?” (as opposed to “why don’t you…?”).

The poem’s ending is also highly optimistic, a promise to put his “queer shoulder to the wheel,” although the original draft ended on a bleaker note: “Dark America! toward whom I close my eyes for prophecy, / and bend my speaking heart! / Betrayed! Betrayed!”